Understanding Raster Operators in GIS: Local, Focal, Zonal, and Global Analysis

Map Algebra The language behind raster analysis Map algebra is a conceptual language designed specifically for cell-based geographic information systems. It provides the theoretical foundation for cartographic modeling, that is, using maps not just to display data, but to analyze and derive new spatial information. The idea of map algebra comes from work originally presented… Continue reading

Seeing the Patterns: How Spatial Analysis Reveals Hidden Stories in Conflict Zones

Have you ever wondered why certain types of conflict seem to cluster in specific regions — or why some areas remain peaceful? Traditional analysis might count how many incidents occur. Spatial analysis lets us see how those incidents are arranged — are they clustered around borders, along roads, or near population centers? For example, in… Continue reading

The Fundamentals of Coordinate Systems

Coordinate systems and map projections are super important because they help us accurately represent locations on Earth, align data from different sources, and minimize distortions when we create flat maps from a round planet. Without a consistent coordinate system, like latitude and longitude, we wouldn’t be able to pinpoint locations or analyze spatial data properly…. Continue reading

Cartographic Principles, Classification and Symbology

Cartography is the art and science of making maps, and in the context of geographic information systems (GIS) it is a critical step in turning data into information people can actually use. Maps are not just pictures of geography—they are carefully designed tools that help us navigate, see patterns, understand relationships, and share knowledge about… Continue reading